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John Oswald (British Army officer)
General Sir John Oswald (2 October 1771 – 8 June 1840) was a prominent British Army officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars whose service was conducted in seven different theatres of war. Oswald was born in Fife and educated in France, which gave him both excellent command of the French language and close connections with the French aristocracy. The excesses of the French Revolution gave him a hatred of the French Republic and later Empire, and his exemplary service in the West Indies, the Netherlands, Malta, Italy, Egypt, the Adriatic and finally the Peninsular War demonstrated both his keen tactical and strategic understanding his and personal courage.
Highly commended for his war service, Oswald later took an interest in politics, unsuccessfully attempting to enter parliament but using his influence in the army to support the Conservatives. He married twice and had several children, and was invested in two knightly orders following his retirement from the army in recognition of his service. He died in 1840 at his family estate in Fife.
==Early life==
John Oswald was born in 1771 in Fife, the son of James Townsend Oswald. In approximately 1785 he was sent to school in France, the prestigious military academy at Brienne-le-Château, where he formed a lasting friendship with Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, future secretary to Napoleon. Oswald spent many school holidays with his friends in Paris and developed an affection for France and the French language that he retained throughout his life.〔(Oswald, Sir John ), ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', H. M. Chichester. Retrieved 3 June 2008〕 Oswald returned to Britain in 1788 and purchased a commission as a second lieutenant in the 23rd Regiment of Foot,〔 Second lieutenancy in 23rd Foot.〕 he was promoted first lieutenant on transfer to the 7th Regiment of Foot the following year.〔 Lieutenancy and transfer to 7th Foot.〕 In 1790 he was with his regiment when they were stationed at Gibraltar and in 1791 was given an independent company as a temporary captain,〔 Captaincy of Independent Company〕 an appointment confirmed two months later accompanied by a transfer to the 35th Regiment of Foot.〔 Regimental captaincy〕
The French Revolution and the consequent Reign of Terror resulted in the deaths of many of Oswald's school friends, creating in Oswald a lifelong hatred of the French Republic and the principles it was based on.〔 At the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, the 35th was ordered to the West Indies, Oswald resigning his appointment as a staff officer (brigade major) to accompany them. A few months later, Oswald was serving in the Caribbean with a detachment of local troops with the temporary rank of major. In this role he participated in the capture of Martinique, St Lucia and Guadeloupe and the invasion of San Domingo, before being sent back to Britain in 1795 to act as a recruiting officer.〔 He was promoted to the regimental rank of major on 22 September 1795,〔 Regimental majority〕 and on 1 April 1797, Oswald purchased the rank of lieutenant colonel and command of the 35th.〔 Lieutenant-Colonelcy and command of 35th Regiment of Foot〕
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